Open loop cooling systems use water to cool engines directly, while closed-loop systems use marine coolant and a heat exchanger to keep engines cool.

A geothermal heating and cooling system, which consists of an extensive network of underground pipes called a loop, circulates a mixture of water and antifreeze through the loop.

Why Open-Loop Is Not A One-Size-Fits-All Solution Open-loop payment systems offer several key benefits to transit agencies.

With open-loop therapies*, insulin administration is manually controlled, while hybrid closed-loop systems* automatically regulate insulin delivery.

With open-loop therapies, insulin administration is manually controlled, while hybrid closed-loop systems automatically regulate insulin delivery.

According to an Australian research team, closed-loop systems could prevail on open-loop systems in the future and this trend is confirmed by another group of scientists from the United States.

How often does an existing open condenser water system, or some other type of open water system, get reused as part of a building renovation project and/or mechanical system upgrade? It happens ...

Payments ecosystems are often categorized as either closed-loop or open-loop systems, each with distinct advantages and limitations. Closed-loop systems, such as single-provider mobile wallets ...