Density estimation is a fundamental component in statistical analysis, aiming to infer the probability distribution of a random variable from a finite sample without imposing restrictive parametric ...

Likelihood cross-validation for kernel density estimation is known to be sensitive to extreme observations and heavy-tailed distributions. We propose a robust likelihood-based cross-validation method ...

Backwardness is the result of different factors that exist in a society. The present study focused on infrastructural facilities and basic amenities to estimate the spatial distribution of backward ...

Tracking human behavioral patterns in cities can be used to determine urban delineations and urban land use, which has the potential to improve urban ...