Abstract: HMAC is a shared-key security algorithm that uses hash functions for message authentication and data integrity. The most popular hash functions used with HMAC are MD5, SHA-1, and RIPEMD-160, ...

This repository contains a collection of classical and modern cryptographic algorithms implemented in Python. All code was written by me during my B.Tech in Computer Science and Engineering as part of ...

Abstract: The term ‘Cryptography’, derived from ‘crypt’ meaning hidden and ‘graphy’ meaning writing, is vital for data encryption, ensuring confidentiality, integrity, and availability (CIA).

Introduction: A revolutionary cipher -- Cryptology before 1500: a bit of magic -- The black chambers: 1500-1776 -- Crypto goes to war: the American Revolution -- Crypto goes to war: the American Civil ...

V irtual Private Networks (VPNs) have become ubiquitous tools on the internet of today. A VPN creates an encrypted tunnel between your device and a remote server, routing your traffic through that ...