Algebraic structures are fundamental mathematical entities defined by sets equipped with operations that satisfy specific axioms, such as groups, rings, and fields. Function spaces, by contrast ...

Composite functions are made when the output from one function is used as the input of another function. The names of the functions are written next to each other, with the function that is used first ...

GCSE Edexcel Algebraic formulae - Edexcel Function notation – Higher Formulae are used in everyday life, from working out areas and volumes of shapes to converting units of measurement.

A class of integration methods which includes Runge-Kutta methods, as well as the Picard successive approximation method, is shown to be related to a certain group which can be represented as the ...

Almost perfect nonlinear (APN) functions play a pivotal role in cryptography, particularly in securing symmetric key algorithms against differential attacks. Their algebraic properties, including ...

Fundamental methods are developed for the derivation of the probability density function and moments of rational algebraic functions of independent random variables. Laplace and Mellin integral ...