Throughout the module, students apply transfer functions to analyze the dynamics of physical and electrical systems. In the final lesson, students perform a frequency domain analysis of an LC filter ...

Open-loop payments are important, but pushing them as a replacement for other fare media is shortsighted.

Keywords: air conditioning chiller, mathematical modelling, sustainable social housing, multivariable model, transfer function matrix, open-loop responses Citation: Touqan B and Salameh M (2025) ...

Payments ecosystems are often categorized as either closed-loop or open-loop systems, each with distinct advantages and limitations. Closed-loop systems, such as single-provider mobile wallets ...

Once the open-loop transfer function is modeled, it’s necessary to design the frequency compensator such that it achieves the best performance possible. Because the frequency response of the above ...

With open-loop therapies, insulin administration is manually controlled, while hybrid closed-loop systems automatically regulate insulin delivery.

People with type 1 diabetes require continuous insulin treatment and must regularly measure their glucose levels. With open-loop therapies, insulin administration is manually controlled, while ...

Aaron White, UK business development director at Cubic Transportation Systems, considers London’s open loop transport system as a blueprint.

In the open-loop, the identification methods are well known and offer good process approximation, which is not valid for the closed-loop identification, when the system provides the feedback output ...