Brushless dc motors (BLDCMs) exhibit relatively large torque ripple due to the current pulsation during the commutation process. In this paper, first, the production mechanism of the commutation ...

Addressing this, an index modulation with beamforming (IM-BF) code is proposed to enhance the transmission for the user, and a quadrature reflection modulation with beamforming (QRM-BF) code is ...