The most common symptom of herniated disc is extreme lower back pain (2). You may sense severe back pain or stinging sensation, especially in the lower back area as a result of this disc. Disc ...

Herniated nucleus pulposus (HNP), also referred to as a herniated disc, is a common spine pathology that occurs approximately 95% of the time at the L4-L5 or L5-S1 level (Fisher et al., 2004; Asch ...

Lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS) is any narrowing in the lumbar spinal canal or lateral recess. It can be developmental, congenital, or acquired. This article discusses acquired degenerative lumbar ...