Now, the dot product of N and (0,0,1) should be the cosine of the angle between the two vectors. Formulas for both the dot and cross product of 3d vectors are easily found.

Nat 5 Maths - Working with three-dimensional coordinates Work with 3D vectors, using the xyz plane as part of National 5 Maths.

Working with three-dimensional coordinates A vector describes a movement from one point to another. 3D vectors exist in the xyz plane. The 3D coordinates for any point have three values.

Adobe shows off 3D rotation tool for flat drawings Project Turntable uses machine learning to craft posable 3D models from 2D vectors.