The frequency where the open-loop transfer function is at unity gain is called the crossover frequency. With switching frequencies in the megahertz region it is not uncommon to have crossover ...

A. Open-loop transfer function, Tol (at 8-9-10-11-12 GHz outputs) Referring to Figure 8, we have, from standard block diagram analysis, the open-loop transfer function, T ol (at 8-9-10-11-12 GHz ...

Some lights are open-loop and simply run on a schedule. Many more of them are closed-loop and will cycle differently depending on traffic flow or information received from other traffic lights.