Rosenstark’s brilliant idea was to perform a pair of loop measurements with the return side terminated first on an open circuit and then on a short circuit , and then to suitably combine the two ...

Further details of the setup and the results are provided in the study “ Outdoor implied open-circuit voltage imaging of perovskite solar cells using sunlight excitation,” published in Joule.

Omron has introduced EtherNet/IP Remote I/O blocks with both short- and open-circuit detection to reduce troubleshooting time and maintain productivity. The ERT1 series EtherNet/IP slave I/O blocks ...

They look for all the world like short circuits or open circuits, and yet work their magic and act to match feedline impedances or even as bandpass filters.