All systems can be understood using an input-process-output (IPO) model, and the system we call “innovation” is no exception. This model is likely familiar to you from information technology ...

Following an input–transformation–output model, the topical focus of the research began with an emphasis on transformation processes or activities, and then considered inputs (represented by ...

Chowdhury S. Ahammed, Robert W. Herdt, Farm Mechanization in a Semiclosed Input-Output Model: The Philippines, American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Vol. 65, No ...