Upper and lower bounds If a number or measurement has been rounded, it can be important to consider what possible values the exact value could have been.

Apply and interpret upper and lower bounds If a value is rounded, its upper or lower bound as appropriate should be used when finding the largest or smallest possible answers to a calculation.

In Microsoft Excel, Upper and Lower functions are Text functions. The Lower function’s purpose is to convert text into lowercase, and the Upper function converts text to uppercase.

For most arrays, 1 is a convenient lower bound, so you do not need to specify the lower bound. However, specifying both the lower and the upper bounds is useful when the array dimensions have ...

The approximation is a distribution function which is, in the sense of convex order, an upper bound for the original distribution function. Explicit examples are given for pricing stochastic annuities ...