This study examined the differing conclusions one may come to depending upon the type of analysis chosen, hierarchical linear modeling or ordinary least squares (OLS) regression. To illustrate this ...

This article considers methodology for hierarchical functional data analysis, motivated by studies of reproductive hormone profiles in the menstrual cycle. Current methods standardize the cycle ...

When contextual features of test-taking environments differentially affect item responding for different test-takers and these features vary across test administrations, they may cause differential ...