The tangent is perpendicular to the radius which joins the centre of the circle to the point P. As the tangent is a straight line, the equation of the tangent will be of the form y = m x + c.

1. Definition of circle, 2. General equation of circle, 3. Equation of circle with the end points of diameter, 4. Equation of tangent to a circle, 5. Equation of normal to a circle, 6.

Using advanced mathematical tools inspired by physics, the team has derived a general equation for any number of tangent circles, offering fresh insights into an equation originally proposed by ...