If you ask engineers how numbers are represented, stored, and manipulated in computers and calculators, most will reply: “as signed or unsigned binary integers or as fixed-point or floating-point ...

When decimal numbers are within the range of 0 to 9, their binary and BCD representations are identical, requiring only four bits (0000 to 1001).

These numbers cannot be expressed as ratios of integers, no matter how creative the mathematical manipulation. Their decimal representations continue infinitely without establishing any repeating ...